Asociación del fitness cardiorrespiratorio con marcadores de adiposidad corporal: estudio de corte transversal de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Chile 2016-2017 / Association of cardiorespiratory fitness with adiposity markers

BACKGROUND: Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is inversely associated with metabolic diseases and adiposity markers. Aim: To assess the association of CRF with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and obesity in a representative sample of the Chilean population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data from 5,958 participants in the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-1027 aged 15 years or above were analyzed. CRF was estimated by an equation that included sociodemographic, anthropometric and health-related data and expressed in metabolic equivalent units (METs). The association between CRF and adiposity was assessed using linear and Poisson regression models and the results were presented as Prevalence Ratio (PR). RESULTS: One MET increment in CRF was associated with a 3.27 kg/m2 (95% confidence intervals (CI): -3.35; -3.2) and 4.56 kg/m2 (95% CI: -4.67; -4.46) lower BMI in men and women, respectively. Waist circumference was 6.7 cm [95% CI: -6.98; -6.42] and 9 cm [95% CI: -9.33; -8.67] lower per 1-MET increment in CRF. With one MET increment, the probability of being obese was 34% (PR = 0.66 [95%CI: 0.63; 0.69]) and 36% (PR = 0.64 [95%CI: 0.61; 0.67]) lower in men and women, respectively. The probability of having a central obesity was 26% (PR = 0.74 [95%CI: 0.71; 0.77]) and 30% (PR = 0.70 [95%CI: 0.68; 0.73]) lower in men and women, respectively. Conclusions: A higher estimated CRF was associated with lower adiposity levels and a lower risk of being obese in both men and women. Public health policies aiming to increase physical activity are needed to increase the CRF of the Chilean population.

Niveles de actividad física y tiempo sedente según ingreso económico en Chile: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017

Background: The Chilean population reports high levels of physical inactivity. The relationship between income level, physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors is not well known. Aim: To describe the levels of PA and sedentary time, according to income levels in the Chilean population. Material and Methods: Analysis of data from the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-2017, which included 5,130 participants (52.9% women). The levels of PA and sedentary time were measured by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Income levels were established according to the self-reported income per capita of the households and presented as quintiles. PA levels according to income levels were estimated by linear regression analyses. Results: Transport-related PA was higher in the lowest income quintiles (p = 0.039). There were no trends for income levels and PA domains including moderate, vigorous, total, occupational and leisure PA. The prevalence of leisure and occupational physical inactivities were higher in the lowest quintiles of income. Sitting time was higher in the higher income levels (p < 0.01). Conclusions: People in the lowest quintile for income spent more time in transport-related PA and less time sitting. However, physical inactivity prevalence during leisure and work time were higher in people with lower income.

Auto reporte de la velocidad de marcha y su asociación con marcadores de adiposidad y riesgo cardiovascular en Chile / Association of self-reported walking speed with markers of adiposity and cardiovascular risk in Chile

Background Walking speed is a strong predictor of non-communicable diseases and mortality. Aim To investigate the association of self-reported walking pace with adiposity, metabolic and cardiovascular markers in the Chilean population. Material and Methods Analysis of data from 5,077 participants of the 2009-2010 National Health Survey (ENS 2009-2010). Walking speed was self-reported as average or slow pace. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), blood pressure, blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and lipid profile were the outcome. Results In Chile, 11% (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 10.0; 12.7) of the population reported a slow walking pace. Compared with average walking people, those reporting a slow pace had a higher body weight (difference (∆) 5.65 kg [95% CI: 3.22; 8.09], p < 0.01), BMI (D 2.48 kg/m 2 [95% CI: 1.53; 3.44], p < 0.01), WC (D 6.23 cm [95% CI: 4.12; 8.34], p < 0.01), serum triglycerides (D 30,9 mg/dl [95% CI: 5,31; 57,5], p = 0.018), and lower HDL cholesterol (D -2.32 mg/dl [95% CI: -4,24; -0,34], p = 0.022). Those reporting a slow pace had also a higher odd of being obese (odds ratio (OR): 2.46 [95% CI: 1.82; 3.33], p < 0.01), being diabetic (OR: 1.54 [95% CI: 1.02; 2.40], p = 0.018) and having metabolic syndrome (OR: 2.03 [95% CI: 1.30; 3.18], p = 0.002). Conclusions In Chilean adults, slow walking pace is associated with and unfavorable adiposity and lipid profile, including a higher probability of being obese, diabetic and having metabolic syndrome.

Nivel educativo y su asociación con niveles de actividad física en Chile / Association of physical inactivity with low levels of education

Background: A higher educational level is associated with healthier lifestyles. Aim: To assess the association between the level of compliance with physical activity recommendations and years of formal education in Chilean adults. Material and Methods: Analysis include 6,174 participants from the National Health Survey 2016-2017. Physical activity levels were assessed through the Global Physical Questionnaire (GPAQ v2). Physical inactivity was defined as < 600 MET/minute/week. Results: Among subjects without education, 44% and 27% of women and men respectively, were physically inactive. Among women and men with the highest number of years of education (> 16) the figures for physical inactivity were 27% and 15% respectively. The odds for not meeting the physical activity recommendations was 2.3 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.57; 3.38] and 3.9 [95% CI: 2.27; 6.95] in women and men without any formal education respectively, as compared with those who reported 12 years of education. Women and men who reported a high level of education ≥ (16 years) did not show significant differences compared to the reference group. Conclusions: People with low levels of education are were likely to be physically inactive.

Adiposidad corporal, estilos de vida y nivel de actividad física en mujeres dueñas de casa y trabajadoras remuneradas chilenas / Adiposity, healthy lifestyle and physical activity levels in housewives and women with paid employment in Chile

RESUMEN En Chile existe escasa evidencia en relación a las características de los estilos de vida en mujeres dueñas de casa versus mujeres con trabajos renumerados. El objetivo del estudio fue comparar marcadores de adiposidad, hábitos de consumo asociados a estilos de vida y nivel de actividad física (AF) en mujeres dueñas de casa y trabajadoras remuneradas chilenas. Se compararon variables de adiposidad como el índice de masa corporal (IMC), peso corporal, perímetro de cintura (PC), estilos de vida y niveles de AF (transporte, moderada y vigorosa intensidad y tiempo sedente) de 2.232 participantes de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2009-2010. Las dueñas de casa, en comparación con las trabajadoras renumeradas, presentaron un mayor IMC (27,9 vs. 20,0 kg/m2, <0,0001) y PC (98,3 vs. 95,6 cm, <0,0001). El tiempo destinado a la práctica de AF de trasporte (42,5 vs. 51,5 min/día, p= 0,009), moderada (94,2 vs. 128,4 min/día, <0,0001) y vigorosa (25,06 vs. 53,49 min/día, <0,0001) fue menor en dueñas de casa que en trabajadoras renumeradas. Por el contrario, las dueñas de casa destinaron menor tiempo al desarrollo de actividades sedentes (2,71 vs. 3,26 horas/día, <0,0001), además mostraron un menor consumo de alcohol (30,5 vs. 43,2 g/día, p= 0,021) en comparación a trabajadoras renumeradas.

ABSTRACT Lifestyle behaviours among women who take care of their home duties (housewives) and women who are currently working in paid employment is unknown in the Chilean population. The aim of this study was, therefore, to characterise adiposity, lifestyle behaviours and physical activity levels in housewives and women with paid employment in Chile. A total of 2,231 women from the National Health Survey 2009-2010 were included in this study. Adiposity markers (body weight, body mass index and waist circumference), lifestyle behaviors and physical activity were measured using self-reported questionnaires. The main findings of this study was that housewives had a higher body mass index (27,9 vs. 20,0 kg/m2, <0,0001) and waist circumference (98,3 vs. 95,6 cm, <0,0001) than women with paid-employment. Physical activity levels were lower (transport PA 42,5 vs. 51,5 min/day, p= 0,009, moderate PA 94,2 vs. 128,4 min/ day, <0,0001 and vigorous PA 25,06 vs. 53,49 min/day, <0,0001) and sedentary-related behaviours (2,71 vs. 3,26 hours/day, <0,0001) were higher in housewives compare to women with paid-employment. Dietary behaviors showed that housewives consume less alcohol (30,5 vs. 43,2 g/day, p= 0,021) than women with paid-employment.

Análise bibliométrica da pesquisa na América do Sul em ciências do esporte 1970-2012 / Análisis bibliométrico de la investigación en América del Sur en las ciencias del deporte 1970-2012 / Bibliometric analysis of South American research in sports science from 1970 to 2012

Sports science article publication in South American countries (n=11) was studied between 1970-2012, using all citation database of ISI Web of Knowledge. We evaluated: number of published articles; the number of publications divided by the number of people in science and technology (number pub/number peo); the top incidence of research subjects; public or private institutional predominance; impact factor (IF); average citations per document per country; and frequency of published articles per journals per country. Brazil showed the highest number of published articles, followed by Argentina. Bolivia showed the highest number pub/number peo, followed by Peru. Most studied themes were physiology, orthopedic and rehabilitation. Public institutions showed a higher published articles number than did private institutions. Peru and Bolivia were the only countries with a mean IF of 2 or higher. Average citation was higher in Peru (higher coefficient variation). In conclusions, our results show that, in most South American countries, their published articles rate has increased over time. This could be related to new government and institutional policies. However, production was low compared with other areas of science.

Produção de artigos científicos do esporte em países da América do Sul (n = 11) foi estudada entre 1970-2012 utilizando: todos os dados de citações do ISI Web of Knowledge. Foram avaliados: número de artigos publicados; número de artigos publicados/número de pessoas em ciência e tecnologia (no.pub/no.pes); assuntos mais estudados; predominância de instituições publicas ou privadas; fator de impacto (FI); citações média por documento por país no ISIweb; frequência de artigos publicados por periódicos por país. Brasil teve o maior número de artigos publicados, seguido pela Argentina. Bolívia mostra o mais elevado no.pub/no.pes, seguido pela Peru. Os temas mais estudados foram: ortopedia, fisiologia e reabilitação. As instituições públicas que apresentam maior número de artigos publicados. Peru e Bolívia foram os únicos países com uma média IF de 2 ou superior. Citação média foi maior no Peru (maior coeficiente de variação). Nas conclusões, nossos resultados mostram que, na maioria dos países, a sua taxa de artigos publicados aumenta ao longo do tempo. Isso pode estar relacionado com o novo governo e políticas institucionais. No entanto, a produção foi baixa em comparação com outras áreas.

Se estudió la producción de artículos en ciencias del deporte en países de América del Sur (n=11) entre 1970-2012, usando: todas las bases de datos de citaciones de ISI Web Knowledge. Se evaluó: número de publicaciones de artículos; número de publicaciones de artículos / número de personas en ciencia y tecnología (no.pub/no.peo); temas más estudiados; predominancia de instituciones públicas y privadas; factor de impacto (IF); promedio de citas por documento por país; frecuencia de publicaciones de artículos por revista por país. Brasil tuvo más publicaciones de artículos, seguido de Argentina. Bolivia muestra el mayor no.pub/no.peo, seguido por Perú. Los temas más estudiados fueron fisiología, ortopedia y rehabilitación. Las instituciones públicas muestran un mayor número de publicaciones de artículos. Perú y Bolivia son los únicos países con una media de IF de 2 o mayor. El promedio de citaciones fue elevado en Perú (elevado coeficiente de variación). En conclusión, nuestros resultados muestran que en la mayoría de los países el rango de publicaciones de artículos se incrementó con el tiempo. Esto puede ser relacionado con nuevas políticas gubernamentales e institucionales. Sin embargo, la producción es baja comparado con otras áreas.

NHE1, NHE2, and NHE4 contribute to regulation of cell pH in T84 colon cancer cells.

The isoforms of the Na+/H+ exchanger present in T84 human colon cells were identified by functional and molecular methods. Cell pH was measured by fluorescence microscopy using the probe BCECF. Based on the pH recovery after an ammonium pulse and determination of buffering capacity of these cells, the rate of H+ extrusion (JH) was 3.68 mM/min. After the use of the amiloride derivative HOE-694 at 25 microM, which inhibits the isoforms NHE1 and NHE2, there remained 43% of the above transport rate, the nature of which was investigated. Evidence of the presence of NHE1, NHE2, and NHE4 was obtained by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) (mRNA) and Western blot. There was no decrease of JH by the NHE3 inhibitor S3226 (1 microM) and no evidence of this isoform by RT-PCR was found. The following functional evidence for the presence of NHE4 was obtained: 25 microM EIPA abolished JH entirely, but NHE4 was not inhibited at 10 microM; substitution of Na by K increased the remainder, a property of NHE4; hypertonicity also increased this fraction of JH. Cl--dependent NHE was not detected: in 0 Cl- solutions JH was increased and not reduced. In 0 Cl- cell volume decreased significantly, which was abolished by the Cl- channel blocker NPPB, indicating that the 0 Cl- effect was because of reduction of cell volume. In conclusion, T84 human colon cells contain three isoforms of the Na+/H+ exchanger, NHE1, NHE2, and NHE4, but not the Cl-dependent NHE.